Root Metaphors Definition and Examples

A root metaphor is an image, narrative, or fact that shapes an individuals perception of the world and interpretation of reality. Also called a basic metaphor, master metaphor, or  myth. A root metaphor, says Earl MacCormac, is the most basic assumption about the nature of the world or experience that we can make when we try to give a description of it (Metaphor and Myth in Science and Religion, 1976). The concept of the root metaphor was introduced by American philosopher Stephen C. Pepper in World Hypotheses (1942). Pepper defined root metaphor as an area of empirical observation which is the point of origin for a world hypothesis. Examples and Observations Stephen C. PepperA man desiring to understand the world looks about for a clue to its comprehension. He pitches upon some area of common sense fact and tries to understand other areas in terms of this one. The original area becomes his basic analogy or root metaphor...If man is to be creative in the construction of a new world theory, he must dig among the crevices of common sense. There he may find the pupa of a new moth or butterfly. This will be alive, and grow, and propagate but no synthetic combination of the legs of one specimen and the wings of another will ever move except as their fabricator pushes them about with his tweezers.Karou YamamotoThe root metaphor is the comprehensive, organizing analogy that helps in making sense of experiences, interpreting the world, and defining the meaning of life...Is the whole universe a perfect machine? Is the society an organism? ... Is life a long, arduous journey? Is the present a phase in the fateful karmic cycle? Is social interaction a game? Though mostly implicit, a large set of assumptions stem out of each of such root metaphors to form ones  Weltanschauung  [world view]...Certainly, life will look very differently to a person whose metaphor is that of a ruthless, gladiatorial combat to the bitter end than to another who perceives an aspen grove wherein each tree grows individually while sustained by a common network of roots. Accordingly, the two lives will be lived very differently. Life seen as a cathedral to be built, as the gambling game of craps, or as the oyster that creates pearl out of an irritant grain of sand--each supposition generates its own script for life.Needless to say, a collective life can be similarly influenced by some commonly held root metaphors, and a whole generation, organization, community, nation, continent, or even world may appear to fall under the spell of the so-called Zeitgeist (the spirit of the age) to reveal certain, particular perspectives, ideas, sentiments, attitude s, or practices.Alan F. SegalA root metaphor or myth usually takes the form of a story about the cosmos. Although the story may be amusing or enjoyable, it also has four serious functions: to order experience by explaining the beginning of time and of history; to inform people about themselves by revealing the continuity between key events in the history of the society and the life of the individual; to illustrate a saving power in human life by demonstrating how to overcome a flaw in society or personal experience; and to provide a moral pattern for individual and community action by both negative and positive example.

While Reading 1984 And Animal Farm, These Two Books Have

While reading 1984 and Animal Farm, these two books have a large abundance of similarities. There are similarities in the characters, themes, and political ideas including the plots. George Orwell wrote both of these novels and based them off of dystopian literature. In 1984, the society is continuously at war with Eurasia and has an alliance with Eastasia, while the citizens do not understand or know why they are currently at war with Eurasia. The citizens are currently in eternal war and live in a tyranny of a government. Animal Farm is about gang of farm animals that want to rid of their current owner. Mr. Jones, the owner, runs the farm and the animals think he is the most evil person in the world. The animals establish†¦show more content†¦Also, both books involve one powerful and intelligent party ruling over a much weaker and ignorant society. These so called leaders, manipulate and control everything about this society to maintain their power and the keep t he citizens not knowing what is happening in the society. Events that have occurred in the past are altered and changed to make the central party or leaders look better and to fit their desires at that moment in time. In 1984, the party shows how they controlled the past by changing what happened, â€Å"There is a Party sloan dealing with the control of the past,† he said ‘Repeat it, if you please.’ Who controls the past controls the future, who controls the present controls the past, repeated Winston obediently. Who controls the present controls the past, said O’Brien, nodding his head with slow approval. ‘Is it your opinion, Winston, that the past has real existence? Again the feeling of helplessness descended upon Winston. His eyes flitted towards the dial. He not only did not know whether ‘yes’ or ‘no’ was the answer that would save him from pain, he did not even know which answer he believed to be the true one.† (Orwell). In Animal Farm. the pigs like to the use the past put fear into the other animals while also altering what happened too. Throughout the book, the pigs use Old Major, their old ruler, as a reason to boost their ego in how they are in a better place now then they were before when he was in rule.Show MoreRelatedThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literary works which outlined the danger of fascism, imperialism and an overly controlling government. George Orwell was born in 1903 in India. He was often ill as a child suffering from the common flu to more dangerous bronchitis. He was a rather introverted child and mainly stuck to writing and reading stories. George OrwellRead MoreGeorge Orwell Character Analysis1422 Words   |  6 Pageslife, either for better or for worse. There is that one person who made a difference. For George Orwell, it is easy to assume, that person was his first wife, Eileen O’shaughnessy. She not only impacted his life, but also his writing, for example, 1984, and some of his female characters. Orwell first met Miss O’shaughnessy in 1935 at a party that he and his landlord was hosting. He described her as â€Å"talkative and lively† and she had lifted her first impression him him. After the party had endedRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Childhood And The Situations2494 Words   |  10 Pagesstarted a chain of events and continue to inspire political policies present today. The aim of this paper is to analyze how George Orwell’s childhood and the situations in which he placed himself during his life contributed to his writing skills while exposing the truths of government issues, ultimately allowing him to become one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. George Orwell was largely influenced by his childhood experiences. In Bengal, India, on June 25, 1903, RichardRead More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes This study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order to provide background information that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary of the progress of authors life and significant events that had impact on his political convictions. ChapterRead More1984 Dystopian Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages Ryan Li 8/22/17 AP Lit/Comp Summer reading 1984 1984 is written by George Orwell and published on June 8, 1949. It s genre is dystopian is dystopian and utopian fiction. 1984 could also be considered a work of political fiction. It is written in the literary period of modernism. Modernism originates in the late 19th and early 20th century mainly in North America and Europe. It is characterized by it s intentional break from traditional ways of writing both in prose fiction and poetryRead More George Orwell Essay2106 Words   |  9 PagesGeorge Orwell Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eaton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman’s Daughter and Keep the Apidistra Flying. He published all four underRead More Animal Farm: Communism Through The Eyes Of George Orwell Essay2475 Words   |  10 Pages Animal Farm: Communism Through The Eyes of George Orwell Throughout history, writers have written about many different subjects based on their personal experiences. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair. He is one of the most famous political satirists of the twentieth century. He was born in Bengal, India in 1903 to an English Civil Servant and died in 1950. He attended Eton from 1917 to 1921, and served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927 before moving to EuropeRead MoreAn Operatic Retelling Of Orwell s Dystopian Masterpiece2095 Words   |  9 Pages 1984: An Operatic retelling of Orwell’s dystopian masterpiece. Kirstie Wooten Shepherd University Abstract This research looks at the Operatic work 1984 based on the 1949 George Orwell novel of the same name. The research centers on the synopsis of the story, inspirations of both author and composer, performers in the opera, as well as its premiere and review. 1984: An Operatic Retelling of Orwell’s Dystopian Masterpiece. As the history of Opera has progressedRead MoreThe Need for Simplification of the English Language as Explained in Politics And The English Language† by George Orwell1157 Words   |  5 Pagesfor his allegorical satire Animal Farm and dystopian novel 1984 (Orwell), makes his case that modern day English is â€Å"ugly and inaccurate†, and must be simplified in order to be perceived as necessary dialect. He also adds that many modern day pieces have two commonalities, one being the staleness of imagery and the second being the lack of precision. Next, he gives examples of how writers, especially when dealing with politics, have a variety of the same tactics and have lead to â€Å"having a meaningRead MoreOrwell s 1984 By George Orwell1992 Words   |  8 Pagesescape for freedom and liberty. People are constantly watched every single second in their daily lives. They have no privacy from the government at all; even their thoughts are monitored. Thinking and/or committing crimes that are considered treasonous by the government result in punishment, usually by death in this society. A nightmarish society like this is portrayed in George Orwell’s novel, 1984, where the main character Winston Smith struggles to live in the superstate, Oceania where the Party is

Ethics and Governance for Legislation- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Governance for Legislation. Answer: Use of Company Computers RecognizingtheMoralDimension In this case, the moral dilemma that is present is that Joseph as a security administrator at his job has been given the task to monitor his workmate's activities while they are online. He has to do this even though he knows that they did not sign any contracts that allowed them to be monitored by the company and what they are doing they have a right to do their work privately without being watched without permission. On the other hand, he has to monitor them so that they can ensure that people are spending time doing their assigned job duties at office hours them (Skeels and Grudin 2009, May). Whoarethe Interested Parties?whataretheir Relationships? In this case, the interested parties are Joseph the security administrators, the workers at his office, the boss and also the company. The company is expected to respect the privacy of the employees and also Joseph should perform his duties as he has been given a job and thus it is his duty (Kaplan and Haenlein 2009). What Valuesor Principlesare Involved? The values that have to be considered in resolving this dilemma is autonomy and trust in the employees (Skeels and Grudin 2009, May). Recommendations First, the company should draw up contracts for employees to sign that will allow them to monitor their activities while online during office hours. When they sign these contracts that have clearly spelt out what they are to do during office hours, they will know what is expected of them hence will not have qualms on being monitored as stated recognize the intellectual stuff of people(Acs.org.au, 2005). Also, clear penalties should be set for when these rules are broken by the workers. Thus the workers will know what is wrong and how they will be penalized for breaking a rule. When these rules are clear and shown to every employee they will have no excuse but to follow all the rules set by management (Australia.gov.au, 2012). Another one is that Joseph should inform the management of his reservation on monitoring his fellow employees without their consent so tha he will not be liable and also help the company to avoid any legal actions due to infringement of employee privacy inform stakeholders any possible clashes between your expert duties and legal or other recognized conditions(Acs.org.au, 2005). Weighthe Benefitsandthe Burdens When these courses of action are taken, it will ensure that employees are informed of what is expected of them. Hence, it will lead to an increase in levels of production because they are using their time well doing office work. Also, it will help the relations between Joseph and the other employees as they will now the companys expectations that they are being monitored hence making his work easier (Skeels and Grudin 2009, May). Lookfor Analogous Cases. Another similar case is where a network administrator was tasked with monitoring people's activities online, and he found an employee had accessed sites about health and medicine for their child. His dilemma was whether or not to report the worker, he did report them and the employee was only given a warning. It was different to this case as the employees had signed contracts about being monitored (Kaplan and Haenlein 2009). Discusswith Relevant Others. According to discussions held on this dilemma I came to the decision that Joseph should go on with the task that he has been assigned as this is his job description. However, he should first suggest to the company that they formulate contracts that will inform the employees of their intention to monitor them. Doesthisdecisionaccordwithlegalandorganizationalrules. Some of the ACS code of ethics relevanthere honesty, competence, and professional development (Acs.org.au, 2005). Also, some of the professional code of ethics for this case are; recognize the intellectual stuff of people (Acs.org.au, 2005). inform stakeholders any possible clashes between your expert duties and legal or other recognized conditions (Acs.org.au, 2005). defend and endorse the well-being and security of individuals touched by your job (Acs.org.au, 2005). differentiate between your job and own views and guidance (Acs.org.au, 2005). counsel your company when you consider a planned venture, service or product does not suit them (Acs.org.au, 2005). and the law that is associated with this case is the privacy act 1988 (Australia.gov.au, 2012). Amicomfortablewiththisdecision? I am comfortable with making this decision as I am sure it will be in the best interest of the parties involved. I would be pleased to tell people that this is the decision that I made as it is the best decision possible. People may follow my example as I know I made the decision without discrimination and I believe I took all factors into consideration. Thus I am sure I can live with it. References Acs.org.au. (2005). ACS - The Professional Association for Australia's ICT sector. [online] Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/ [Accessed 4 Jun. 2017]. Australia.gov.au. (2012). Legislation | australia.gov.au. [online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/public-safety-and-law/legislation [Accessed 4 Jun. 2017]. Kaplan, A.M. and Haenlein, M., 2009. The fairyland of Second Life: Virtual social worlds and how to use them.Business horizons,52(6), pp.563-572. Skeels, M.M. and Grudin, J., 2009, May. When social networks cross boundaries: a case study of workplace use of facebook and linkedin. InProceedings of the ACM 2009 international conference on Supporting group work(pp. 95-104). ACM.

Learn to Write a Literary Analysis

How to Write a Literary Analysis A literary analysis differs from many other writing assignments, as it requires you to pay attention to the most fundamental elements of a book. You have to tell your audience what makes this literary work stand out, and you need to explain how the author uses and combines different elements of writing. Your analysis also must be clear and understandable.Some students have problems with such assignments, but we did everything we can to simplify your work.Develop Your ThesisFirst of all, you need to formulate your thesis. A thesis is the main idea of your paper, and you need to express it concisely, in one-two sentences. To figure out what your thesis should be about, answer three important questions:What is your point?What is your reasoning?How you’re going to organize your reasons/evidence?After you answer these questions and get a clear understanding of what your point is, write your thesis statement. It must be related to three main points about the book. These three points are a basis for three paragraphs of the body of your paper. Think about the organization of your argument and why it’s significant. To let your audience understand what you’re going to argue for, write your thesis at the end of an introductory paragraph.IntroductionYour introduction must be intriguing and strong because it’s the first thing that your readers see. Thus, your introduction must be impressive and it should motivate them to keep reading. You can begin the introduction with a relevant quote or anecdote. Depending on a book you’re going to analyze, it may also be a dialogue, an interesting fact, or a question. After this, present your thesis statement.Body ParagraphsNow you need to develop the main part of your literary analysis. All pieces of evidence that you use as well as all arguments are presented in a body of your paper. You must have three main arguments, and three body paragraphs, each one devoted to a certain argument. However, if you ’ve got a long paper assigned, you may need even more paragraphs.Read a literary work and analyze it. You have to note all important factors that can be used further. Pay your attention to how characters develop and what happens to them throughout the plot line. Focus on the setting and explain how features of location contribute to the main idea of the book and its overall quality.An important thing about writing a literary analysis is that you shouldn’t ignore things that don’t fit your thesis. You need to address all important details, even if they don’t support your main idea.Don’t forget about the context of the book. Sometimes you may notice that the author uses symbolism, trying to hide his or her intention. If so, you need to explain what a reason why the author used this method. What happened in his or her life? What political and social circumstances could push them to hide the true meaning of this literary work? You can also use it to ta ke a specific position regarding the book. You can argue that this story is related to a particular period of time and cultural situation of a certain social group. Don’t be afraid to use some secondary sources related to the same topic.ConclusionOnce you’ve completed the main part of your paper, sum up everything written before in the last paragraph. It must remind your audience some important arguments and restate the thesis statement. However, you need to rephrase it. Don’t write it in the exact same way as you did in the introduction. We suggest emphasizing the connection between the context and the genre, highlighting the general meaning of the book.Useful TipsWrite essay in the third person. As this type of assignment is different from narrative essays, you shouldn’t use â€Å"I† or â€Å"you.† Sometimes your professor may allow you to use the second person, but in this case, you will be informed.Use literary terms. This will make your paper more balanced and informative. Here are a few most popular literary terms:Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements that are aimed to emphasize the emotional effect. They shouldn’t be taken literally.Simile: A simple comparison of two different things.Irony: A reference to something as if it was not what it looks like.Allusion: A hidden reference to some well-known event or character.Metaphor: A figurative statement that refers to one thing as to something else.Don’t summarize the plot. It’s a common mistake, and you should remember that your main goal is to provide an accurate analysis, not a summary. Another common mistake is when students confuse a character’s words with the author’s ideas. First of all, the author may not share opinions expressed by his or her characters. Secondly, you must choose what you’re analyzing — it may be either the author’s point or characters and their thoughts.

Hate Crime essays

Hate Crime essays A hate crime is a violent act against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with. Hate crimes are committed against many different groups of people. Different types of people also commit these crimes. Some hate crimes are crimes against property, such as vadalizism and destruction of stores, buildings, and places of worship. The largest parts of hate crimes or attacks against people. Hate crimes against another person can be as petty as simple assault without a weapon, but can also be very serious as in the case of rape or murder. Many hate crimes are based on racial or religious bias. Racial bias is the largest cause of hate crimes. African-Americans is the largest group at risk. Racial based hate crimes have been a problem since the sixtys during the civil-rights movement. Religious bias is also a big reason for hate crimes. Jewish people and Catholics make up most of the victims of religious based crimes. During World War 2, religious based hate crimes were the worst. Nazi Germany attempted to completely wipe out the Jewish people. African-Americans, Jews, and Catholics are still somewhat segregated from the rest of the country. Sexual minorities are often a target of hate crimes. Hate crimes against gay and a lesbian is probably the fastest growing form of hate crime. It is the most common form of hate crime committed by teenagers and young adults. A large percentage of homosexual people reports being the victim of hate crimes. More than half of these reports is for verbal abuse. Matthew Shepard is probably the most memorable victim of a hate crime against a sexual minority. He was a twenty-one year old University of Wyoming student who was lured away by two men, and he was beaten severely and left to die. Hate crimes are committed by a wide variety of people. There are many organized hate groups in the world, but ordinarily l ...

Environmental Sustainability and Education Essay

Environmental Sustainability and Education - Essay Example Another thing worth mentioning here is that sustainability efforts should not focus on only one area because many areas come under the heading of sustainability ranging from environmental protection to climate change to biodiversity to women’s rights to organic farming. This suggests that sustainability touches every societal level and requires a lot of work. Brinkhurst et al. suggest that unified power of administrators and students is quite dazzling and impressive. Both teams are powerful agents of change. Administrators are labeled top and students are labeled bottom. Finlay and Massey claim that involvement of institutional middle is critically important to ensure eco-sustainability. They agree with the perspective of Brinkhurst et al. that middle institution should be committed to sustainability at different levels. Teaching, research, and awareness programs are three important media or platforms identified by Finlay and Massey through which administrators and students ca n together develop an environment for the better. Instead of following a centuries-old academic routine, it is only now that institutions have begun to orient their curricula around environmental issues, which is a very positive development. Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar stress that it is very important for management practices to be goal-oriented and very committed. There should be the development of a proper organizational structure in every college or university which solely focuses on promoting the vision of sustainability.

American military tortures of prisoners of war Term Paper

American military tortures of prisoners of war - Term Paper Example Since soldiers do not usually divulge information, the military personnel who detain hostiles as prisoners of war use different methods of torture for extracting information. Similarly, during peace time also nations come under threat of terrorist attacks, which is a major problem in nations across the world. Thus, when the military or the law enforcement agencies arrest suspects, they torture them to obtain information. In the modern day the United States of America is one nation that has become the target of many countries due to political as well as religious reasons. Politically, the nation opposes communism and as a result, countries embracing the communist political ideology have become America’s enemies. On the other hand, in religious and political context, the nation is also being targeted by Muslim radical groups. Thus, the American military as well as law enforcement agencies are often forced to resort to torturing prisoners from other nations for extracting informa tion for the purpose of safeguarding the external and internal security of their nation. While there are often allegations about countries engaged in war torturing the prisoners of war and other suspects, the complaints against the US military have been mounting in recent years, especially in the context of their role in Iraq, Afghanistan and in the crackdowns against the Al Qaeda. The general perception is that torture is being meted out by low ranking soldiers but in many cases the evidence has suggested that high ranking officers in both the military and civil administration authorize such atrocities on detainees. It is also noted that while the US government promises to punish those responsible for such acts, only the people at bottom receive the punishment and top ranking leaders get away. One of the major instances of the exposure of US torture on prisoners of war in recent days is the episode in March 28, 2004 when pictures of US soldiers inflicting torture and humiliation on the